Porcelain must not be contaminated by handling between which two stages

Porcelain must not be contaminated by handling between which two stages:

a.Pre-soldering and heat treatment
b.Heat treatment and opaque /bake/ stages
c.Opaque and bisque stages
d.Bisque and glazing stages
e.First opaque bake and second opaque bake

Ans.  B 

  The casting should be carefully cleaned to ensure a strong bond to porcelain. Metal is heated in porcelain furnace to burn off any remaining impurity & to form a thin oxide layer which is essential for the formation of the porcelain metal bond.The surface can be cleaned adequately by finishing with clean ceramic bonded stones or sintered diamonds. Final sandblasting with high purity alumina abrasives ensures that the porcelain is bonded to a clean & mechanically retentive surface.Porcelain build up & firing stage: complete cleanliness is required at this stage

Drug not affecting CSF synthesis & absorption

Drug not affecting CSF synthesis & absorption and also does not affect ICP is:-

A. Ketamine
B. Thiopentone sodium
C. Nitrous oxide
D. Halothane

Ans. C. Nitrous Oxide.

 Nitrous Oxide.

- It increases cerebral blood flow and volume hence producing
- a mild elevation of intracranial pressure
Thiopentone sodium
- It causes vasoconstriction of CNS blood vessels,
- Thus decreasing cerebral blood volume and intracranial pressure ICP. 
Ketamine
- Increases the cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure
- Thus, ketamine is relatively contraindicated in patients with an intracranial mass or increased ICP
Halothane
- It causes dilation of cerebral vessels, thus
- Decreases cerebral vascular resistance and increases cerebral blood flow
- Hence, the intracranial pressure rises
Nitrous Oxide does not affect CSF dynamics and ICP as compared to the other anesthetic drugs in the question. Hence it is the best possible answer. 

BIO Supplement for COMEDK MDS

COMEDK MDS entrance preparations | Gettler’s test

Gettler’s test is done for death by: 

A. Drowning
B. Hanging
C. Bums
D. Phosphorus poisoning

Ans. A. Drowning

Difference of chloride contents of blood in the right and the left hearts > 25% difference is significant. – Gettler’s test^Q.

i. In fresh water drowning water pass from the lungs to the blood and the blood gets diluted by as much as 72% in 3 minutes- hypervolemia& hemodilution → hemolysis → increase K+ level Hyperkalemia.  → heart stops in diastole. left side of heart shows– chloride content up to 50% lower than usual. , more dangerous than sea-water drowning

About Osteoporosis | Crack AIPGDEE

All of the following statement is correct for osteoporosis except

a) reduction in bone mass per unit volume
b) normal serum calcium level
c) more common in women
d) decreased calcium and phosphate level in serum biochemistry

Ans d: a reduction in bone mass per unit volume   Serum biochemistry indices are normal. There is skeletal rarefaction and low trauma fractures often occur, including vertabral fractures..Women are more likely to be affected than men. In the edentulous patient with osteoporosis the residual alveolar ridges may resorb more rapidly.

MDS entrance preaparations | Medullay thyroid carcinoma

All are component of men type 1 except 

a.     Meducaly carcinoma of thyroid
b.     Parathyroid adenoma
c.     Islet cell hyperplasia          
d.     Pheochormocytoma

The correct answer is A: Medullay thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma are associated with two majot syndrome men 2a and men 2b. Men 2a is combination of mtc,hyperparathyroidism and pheochromocytoma men 2b is the combination of mtc,pheochromocytoma mucosal neuroma ,intestinal ganglioneuroma and marfanoid features

MDS entrance preaparations | Denture base that resists dislodgement of denture

The relationship of the denture base that resists dislodgement of denture in horizontal direction is:

A. Stability                          

B. Pressure

C. Support                          

D. Retention

       Ans. (A) Stability: Let’s discuss each option separately: A. Stability:

Stability refers especially to the ability of denture to resist horizontal forces that tend to alter the relationship between the denture base and its supporting foundation in a horizontal or rotatory direction.

The rectangular wire used in edgewise appliance | Crack AIPGDEE

The rectangular wire used in edgewise appliance in primarily meant for:

A. Correction of crown root position

B. Increasing the strength of wire

C. Correction of Arch-length Deficiency

D. Used for correction of anterior crowding

Ans. (A) Correction of crown root position: 

Edgewise : “To overcome the deficiencies of the ribbon arch, Angle reoriented the slot from vertical to horizontal and inserted a rectangular wire rotated 90 degrees to the orientation it had withthe ribbon arch-thus the name “edgewise”. The dimensions of the slot were altered to 22 X 28 mils, and a 22 X 28 precious metal wire was used. These dimensions were arrived at after extensive experimentation and allowed excellent control of crown and root position in all three planes of space. 

Cephalometric analysis MCQ | MDS Entrance Preparations

Cephalometric analysis are used to evaluate growth changes by superimposing on:

A.    Sella-nasion plane             

B. Mandibular plane
C.    F-H plane                          
D. Occlusal plane

    Ans. (A) Sella-nasion plane:  “Sella-nasion plane/SN planerepresents the anterior cranial base. The growth of anterior cranial base is completed much earlier compared to facial structures so the SN plane is taken as most stable area to compare the growth changes of facial structure and jaws” The following lines form Proffit will explain the answer: Cranial base superimposition, allows the relationship of maxilla and mandible to the cranium to be evaluated. In general the most useful approach is to superimpose on the SNP line, registering the template over the patients tracing at nasion rather than sella if there is difference in cranial base length.

The KRI paste Composition | AIPGDEE Preparation MCQs with Explanations

The KRI paste is composed of:

A. Iodoform, camphor, parachlorophenol and menthol
B. Iodoform and ZOE
C. Parachlorophenol, camphor and menthol
D. Calcium hydroxide and Iodoform.

  Ans. (A) Iodoform, camphor, parachlorophenol and menthol: 

• Walkhoff paste: parachlorophenol. Camphor. Menthol.                   

• KRI paste: lodoform, Camphor, parachlorophenol, menthol.

• Maisto: Zinc oxide, Iodoform, thymol, chlorophenol, camphor, lanolin.  

• Vitapex: Calcium hydroxide, iodoform, oily additives.

Patient with suppurative periodontitis | AIPGDEE Preparation MCQs with Explanations

A 45-year-old, overweight man presents with suppurative periodontitis. As you review his history, he tells you that he is always hungry, drinks water almost every hour, and awakens four times each night to urinate. What systemic disease is most likely a cofactor in his periodontal disease?

a. Hypo thyroidism 
b. Hyper thyroidism
c. Diabetes mellitus 
d. Tuber culosis

The correct answer is C: The combination of polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, and suppurative periodontal disease should raise a strong suspicion of diabetes mellitus. A fasting blood glucose test is the most efficacious screen.

Oral lesions of Tuberculosis | MDS entrance preaparations

What is the most typical presentation of the oral lesions of tuberculosis?

a. Mucosal lesions with a cobblestone appearance 

b. Nonhealing ulcer
c. Mucositis 
d. Erythematous bullseye

The correct answer is B: The oral lesions of tuberculosis are thought to result from the presence of organisms brought into contact with the oral mucosa by sputum. A nonhealing ulcer, which is impossible to differentiate clinically from carcinoma, is the most common presentation in the mouth. Ulcers are most consistently present on the lateral borders of the tongue and may have a purulent center. Lymphadenopathy also may be present. Diagnosis is made by histologic examination and demonstration of organisms in the tissue.